Mubikorwa byo gukora imashini zimpapuro, imizingo itandukanye igira uruhare rukomeye, uhereye kumazi wurubuga rwimpapuro zitose kugeza gushiraho impapuro zumye. Nka bumwe mu buhanga bwibanze mugushushanya imashini zipapuro, "ikamba" - nubwo itandukaniro risa na geometrike ririmo - rigena mu buryo butaziguye uburinganire n'ubwuzuzanye bw'impapuro. Iyi ngingo izasesengura byimazeyo tekinoroji yikamba yimashini yimpapuro ziva mubisobanuro, ihame ryakazi, gutondekanya, ibintu byingenzi bigira uruhare mugushushanya, no kubungabunga, byerekana agaciro kayo mubikorwa byo gukora impapuro.

1. Ibisobanuro by'ikamba: Imikorere ikomeye mubitandukaniro bito

“Ikamba” (ryerekanwe mu Cyongereza nka “Ikamba”) ryerekeza ku buryo bwihariye imiterere ya geometrike yimashini yimpapuro zizenguruka icyerekezo cya axial (uburebure). Diameter yubuso bwo hagati bwumubiri uzunguruka ni nini cyane ugereranije nuheruka, ikora kontour isa n '"ingoma yo mu rukenyerero". Itandukaniro rya diameter risanzwe ripimwa muri micrometero (μm), kandi agaciro k'ikamba rya bimwe mubinyamakuru binini bishobora no kugera kuri 0.1-0.5 mm.

Ibipimo fatizo byo gupima igishushanyo mbonera ni "agaciro k'ikamba", ubarwa nk'itandukaniro riri hagati ya diameter ntarengwa yumubiri wizunguruka (mubisanzwe hagati yicyerekezo cya axial) na diameter yumuzingo urangira. Mubyukuri, igishushanyo cyikamba gikubiyemo gutandukanya itandukaniro rito rya diameter kugirango uhoshe ihinduka rya "hagati ya sag" hagati yumuzingo uterwa nimpamvu nkimbaraga nihindagurika ryubushyuhe mugihe gikora. Ubwanyuma, igera ku gukwirakwiza uburyo bwo guhuza igitutu hejuru yubugari bwose bwuruziga hamwe nurubuga rwimpapuro (cyangwa ibindi bice byitumanaho), bigashyiraho urufatiro rukomeye rwubwiza bwimpapuro.

2. Imikorere yibanze yikamba: Kwishura indishyi no gukomeza igitutu kimwe

Mugihe cyo gukora imashini yimashini, guhindura byanze bikunze bitewe nuburemere bwimashini, ihinduka ryubushyuhe, nibindi bintu. Hatabayeho gushushanya ikamba, iri hinduka rizatuma habaho umuvuduko utandukanye hagati yumuzingo nu rupapuro - "umuvuduko mwinshi ku mpande zombi n’umuvuduko wo hasi hagati" - bitera ibibazo by’ubuziranenge nk’uburemere bw’ibanze butaringaniye hamwe n’amazi adahwitse y’impapuro. Agaciro kingenzi k'ikamba kari muburyo bwo kwishyura cyane ibyo byahinduwe, bigaragarira muburyo bukurikira:

2.1 Indishyi zo Kuzunguruka Kuzunguruka

Iyo imizingo yibanze yimashini zimpapuro, nkibikoresho byandika hamwe na kalendari, biri gukora, bakeneye gukoresha igitutu gikomeye kurubuga rwimpapuro. Kurugero, umuvuduko wumurongo wibinyamakuru ushobora kugera kuri 100-500 kN / m. Kubizingo bifite uburebure bunini bwa diametre (urugero, uburebure bwikinyamakuru cyandika mumashini yagutse yimpapuro zirashobora kuba metero 8-12), guhindagurika kwa elastike kumanuka kumanuka hagati bibaho munsi yigitutu, bisa n "inkingi yigitugu yunamye munsi yumutwaro". Ihindagurika ritera umuvuduko ukabije hagati yumuzingo urangira nurubuga rwimpapuro, mugihe igitutu kiri hagati kidahagije. Kubera iyo mpamvu, urubuga rwimpapuro ruhinduka amazi menshi kumpande zombi (bikaviramo gukama cyane nuburemere buke buke) no kutagira amazi hagati (bikavamo umwuma muke nuburemere bwibanze).

Nyamara, imiterere "yingoma yingoma" yuburyo bwo gushushanya ikamba yemeza ko nyuma yumuzingo uhetamye, ubuso bwose bwumuzingo buguma buhuye nurupapuro rwimpapuro, bikagerwaho no gukwirakwiza igitutu kimwe. Ibi bikemura neza ingaruka nziza ziterwa no kugoreka ibintu.

2.2 Indishyi zo Guhindura Ubushyuhe bwa Roll

Imizingo imwe, nk'ibizunguruka hamwe na kalendari mu gice cyumye, bigenda byiyongera mu gihe cyo gukora bitewe no guhura n'impapuro z'ubushyuhe bwo hejuru hamwe no gushyushya amavuta. Kubera ko igice cyo hagati cyumubiri kizunguruka gishyushye cyane (impera zahujwe no gufata no gukwirakwiza ubushyuhe vuba), kwaguka kwayo kwinshi kurenza iy'impera, biganisha kuri "hagati yo hagati" y'umubiri. Muri iki gihe, ikoreshwa ryikamba risanzwe rizongera igitutu cyo guhuza. Kubwibyo, "ikamba ribi" (aho umurambararo wigice cyo hagati uba muto ugereranije nuw'impera, nanone uzwi ku izina rya "ikamba ryinyuma") ugomba gutegurwa kugirango uhoshe ibibyimba byatewe no kwaguka k'ubushyuhe, bigatuma igitutu kimwe cyo guhuza hejuru yumuzingo.

2.3 Indishyi zo Kwambara Uburinganire Buringaniye

Mugihe cyibikorwa byigihe kirekire, imizingo imwe (nka kanda ya rubber izunguruka) ihura nubushyamirane bukabije kumpande zurubuga rwimpapuro (nkuko impande zurubuga rwimpapuro zikunda gutwara umwanda), bikaviramo kwambara vuba kumpera kuruta hagati. Hatabayeho gushushanya ikamba, hejuru yumuzingo hazerekana "umubyimba hagati no kugabanuka kumpera" nyuma yo kwambara, ibyo nabyo bigira ingaruka kumasoko. Mugushiraho ikamba, uburinganire bwimiterere yumuzingo burashobora kugumaho mugihe cyambere cyo kwambara, kongerera igihe cyumurimo wumuzingo no kugabanya ihindagurika ryumusaruro uterwa no kwambara.

3. Gutondekanya Ikamba: Guhitamo Tekinike Yahujwe nuburyo butandukanye bwo gukora

Ukurikije ubwoko bwimashini yimpapuro (umuvuduko-mwinshi / umuvuduko-mwinshi, ubugari-bugari / ubugari-bugari), imikorere yo kuzunguruka (gukanda / calendering / kuyobora), nibisabwa mubikorwa, ikamba rishobora kugabanwa muburyo butandukanye. Ubwoko butandukanye bwikamba butandukanye muburyo bwo gushushanya, uburyo bwo guhindura, hamwe nibisabwa, nkuko bisobanurwa mumeza akurikira:

4. Ibintu by'ingenzi bigira uruhare mu gushushanya ikamba: Kubara neza kugirango uhuze n'ibisabwa n'umusaruro

Agaciro k'ikamba ntabwo gashyizweho uko bishakiye; ikeneye kubarwa byuzuye hashingiwe ku bipimo bya muzingo hamwe nuburyo ibintu bigenda kugirango imikorere yayo ikorwe neza. Ibintu byingenzi bigira ingaruka kumiterere yikamba harimo ibintu bikurikira:

4.1 Ibipimo byerekana

1. Uburebure bw'umubiri (L): Umwanya muremure wumubiri, niko bigenda bigoramye guhindagurika munsi yumuvuduko umwe, bityo nini nini agaciro gakenewe. Kurugero, imizingo miremire mumashini yagutse yimashini isaba agaciro gakomeye kuruta imizingo migufi mumashini yimpapuro ngufi kugirango yishyure deformasiyo.
2. Kuzunguruka Umubiri Diameter (D). Kubwibyo, agaciro gakomeye karakenewe. Ibinyuranye, kuzunguruka hamwe na diameter nini bifite ubukana buhanitse, kandi agaciro k'ikamba karashobora kugabanuka muburyo bukwiye.
3. Gukomera kw'ibikoresho: Ibikoresho bitandukanye byumubiri uzunguruka bifite ubukana butandukanye; kurugero, ibyuma bizunguruka bifite ubukana burenze kure ibyuma. Ibikoresho bifite ubukana buke byerekana ihinduka rikomeye munsi yigitutu, bisaba agaciro gakomeye.

4.2 Umuvuduko Ukora (Umuvuduko wumurongo)

Umuvuduko wimikorere (umurongo wumurongo) wumuzingo nka kanda ya kanda hamwe na kalendari ya kalendari nikintu gikomeye kigira ingaruka kumiterere. Numuvuduko ukabije wumurongo, niko bigenda bihindagurika cyane kugoreka kumubiri wumuzingo, kandi agaciro k'ikamba kagomba kongerwaho bikwiranye no guhagarika deformasiyo. Umubano wabo urashobora kugaragazwa cyane na formulaire yoroshye: Agaciro Agaciro H ≈ (P × L³) / (48 × E × I), aho P ni umuvuduko wumurongo, L ni uburebure bwumuzingo, E ni modulike ya elastike yibikoresho, kandi ndi umwanya wa inertia yumuzingo wambukiranya igice. Kurugero, igitutu cyumurongo wikinyamakuru cyo gupakira impapuro zisanzwe zirenga 300 kN / m, kubwibyo agaciro k'ikamba kagomba kuba nini kuruta iy'ibitabo byandika ku mpapuro z'umuco hamwe n'umuvuduko wo hasi.

4.3 Umuvuduko wimashini nubwoko bwimpapuro

1. Umuvuduko wimashini: Iyo imashini zimpapuro zihuta (umuvuduko> 1200 m / min) zikora, urubuga rwimpapuro rwumva cyane guhuza ingufu kurenza iyo mumashini yimpapuro yihuta. Ndetse ihindagurika ryoroheje rishobora gutera inenge yimpapuro. Kubwibyo, imashini yihuta yimashini isanzwe ifata "ikamba rishobora kugenzurwa" kugirango ibone indishyi-nyayo yo guhindura imikorere kandi itume igitutu gihamye.
2. Ubwoko bw'impapuro: Ubwoko butandukanye bwimpapuro bufite ibisabwa bitandukanye kugirango igitutu gihuze. Impapuro za tissue (urugero, impapuro zumusarani zifite uburemere bwibanze bwa 10-20 g / m²) zifite uburemere buke kandi zumva cyane ihindagurika ryumuvuduko, bisaba gushushanya ikamba ryuzuye. Ibinyuranye, impapuro zibyibushye (urugero, ikarito ifite uburemere bwibanze bwa 150-400 g / m²) ifite ubushobozi bukomeye bwo guhangana nihindagurika ryumuvuduko, bityo ibisabwa kugirango ikamba rishobore kugabanuka neza.

5. Ibibazo rusange byikamba no kubifata neza: Kugenzura mugihe kugirango harebwe umusaruro uhamye

Igishushanyo mbonera kidafite ishingiro cyangwa kubungabunga bidakwiye bizagira ingaruka kumiterere yimpapuro kandi bitera ibibazo byumusaruro. Ibibazo rusange byikamba hamwe ningamba zo guhangana nibi bikurikira:

5.1 Agaciro gakomeye cyane

Agaciro kanini cyane k'ikamba kaganisha kumuvuduko ukabije hagati yumuzingo, bikavamo uburemere buke buke hamwe no gukama cyane kwimpapuro hagati. Mubihe bikomeye, birashobora no gutera "kumenagura" (kuvunika fibre), bigira ingaruka kumiterere no kugaragara kwimpapuro.

Kurwanya ingamba: Kumuzingo wikamba uhamye ukoreshwa mumashini yihuta yimpapuro, birakenewe gusimbuza imizingo nagaciro gakwiye. Kugirango ikamba rishobora kugenzurwa mumashini yimpapuro yihuta, umuvuduko wa hydraulic cyangwa pneumatike urashobora kugabanuka binyuze mumikorere yimitwe igenzurwa kugirango igabanye agaciro kamba kugeza kugabanganya igitutu ari kimwe.

5.2 Agaciro gato cyane

Agaciro gato cyane k'ikamba bivamo umuvuduko udahagije hagati yumuzingo, biganisha kumazi adahagije yimpapuro hagati, gukama gake, uburemere buke, hamwe nubusembwa bwiza nka "ibibara bitose". Mugihe kimwe, birashobora kandi kugira ingaruka kumikorere yo gukama nyuma.

Kurwanya ingamba: Kumuzingo uhamye, umubiri uzunguruka ugomba gusubirwamo kugirango wongere agaciro k'ikamba. Kumuzingo ushobora kugenzurwa, umuvuduko wa hydraulic cyangwa pneumatike urashobora kwiyongera kugirango uzamure agaciro k'ikamba, urebe ko umuvuduko uri hagati wujuje ibisabwa.

5.3 Kwambara kutaringaniye kwambikwa ikamba

Nyuma yigihe kirekire cyo gukora, hejuru yumuzingo hazabaho kwambara. Niba imyambarire idahwanye, ikamba ry'ikamba rizahinduka, kandi "ibibanza bitaringaniye" bizagaragara hejuru yumuzingo. Ibi kandi bitera inenge nka "imirongo" na "indentations" kurupapuro, bigira ingaruka zikomeye kumiterere yimpapuro.

Kurwanya ingamba: Kugenzura buri gihe hejuru yumuzingo. Iyo imyenda igeze kurwego runaka, gusya ku gihe no gusana hejuru yumuzingo (urugero, ongera usubize ikamba ryikariso ya rubber reberi) kugirango ugarure imiterere nubunini bwikamba kandi wirinde kwambara cyane kutagira ingaruka kumusaruro.

6. Umwanzuro

Nka tekinoroji isa naho yoroheje ariko ikomeye, ikamba ryimashini zipapuro nizo ntandaro yo kwemeza ubuziranenge bwimpapuro. Kuva ku ikamba rihamye mu mashini zipapuro zihuta kugeza ku ikamba rishobora kugenzurwa mu mashini yihuta cyane, ubugari bwagutse, iterambere rihoraho ry’ikoranabuhanga ry’ikamba ryahoraga ryibanze ku ntego nyamukuru yo “kwishyura indishyi no kugera ku muvuduko umwe”, uhuza n'ibikenerwa mu buryo butandukanye bwo gukora impapuro. Igishushanyo mbonera gikwiye ntigikemura gusa ibibazo byubuziranenge nkuburemere bwimpapuro zingana nuburemere buke bwamazi ahubwo binatezimbere imikorere yimashini zimpapuro (kugabanya umubare wimpapuro) kandi bigabanya gukoresha ingufu (kwirinda gukama cyane). Ninkunga yingirakamaro ya tekiniki mu iterambere ry’inganda zimpapuro zigana "ubuziranenge, gukora neza, no gukoresha ingufu nke". Mu gihe kizaza cyo gukora impapuro, hamwe nogukomeza kunoza ibikoresho neza no gukomeza kunoza imikorere, tekinoroji yikamba izarushaho kunonosorwa no kugira ubwenge, bizagira uruhare runini mu iterambere ryiza ry’inganda zimpapuro.